In southern Mexico, it was maize, squash and beans that were first cultivated and supported later civilisations such as the Olmecs or the Puebloans of the American Southwest. In China, millet, rice and pigs gave rise to the first Chinese cities and dynasties. Over time, agricultural advances allowed ever larger and denser settlements to flourish, eventually giving rise to cities and civilisations, such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus and later others throughout the Mediterranean and elsewhere.įor many decades, the study of early agriculture centred on only a few other regions apart from the Fertile Crescent. As farmers and herders populated new areas, they cleared forests to make fields and brought their animals with them, forever changing local environments. They moved east from Iran into South Asia and the Indian subcontinent, and south from the Levant into eastern Africa. This sedentary lifestyle spread, as farmers migrated from the Fertile Crescent through Turkey and, from there, over the Bosporus and across the Mediterranean into Europe. Within 500 to 1,000 years, a scattering of small farming villages sprang up, each with several hundred inhabitants eating bread, chickpeas and lentils, soon also herding sheep and goats in the hills, some keeping cattle.
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The story they constructed went something like this: beginning in the Near East some 11,000 years ago, humans discovered how to control the reproduction of wheat and barley, which precipitated a rapid switch to farming. This widespread understanding is the product of years of toil by archaeologists, who diligently unearthed the sickles, grinding stones and storage vessels that spoke to the birth of new technologies for growing crops and domesticating animals. When asked about this transition, some people might be able to name the Neolithic Revolution or point to the Fertile Crescent on a map. Human societies, plant and animal populations, the makeup of the atmosphere, even the Earth’s surface – all were irreversibly transformed. Humanity’s transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is one of the most important developments in human and Earth history.
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